Earlier, we explained that in traditional project management we track the progress of the project by calculating the percentage of individual tasks completed and then comparing that percentage against the due date. The problem with this method is that it is nearly impossible to know exactly how much time is remaining to complete the project. Using this method to track progress, many times you’ll see 90 % of a project completed only to see the remaining 10 % take just as long. In fact, looking at the number or percentage of tasks completed instead of how much of the critical path has been completed only serves to give a false sense of conformance to the schedule.
Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) measures the progress of a project much differently and in so doing allows the project to make valuable use of early finishes. Critical chain uses something called a Fever Chart which is simply a run chart of % of Critical Chain Complete versus % of Project Buffer consumed. Figure 1 is an example of such a chart. In this chart we see that 20 % of the critical chain has been completed while only 8 % of the project buffer has been consumed, thus indicating that this project is actually ahead of schedule. Contrast this with Figure 2 which has completed 26 % of the critical chain, but has consumed 28 % of the project buffer, making it a bit behind schedule.
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| Figure 1 |
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| Figure 2 |
The green, yellow and red areas of the fever chart are visual indicators of how the project is progressing. If the data point falls within the green area of the chart, the project is progressing well and may even finish early. If the data point falls into the yellow zone, there is cause for concern and a plan on how to move the project forward should be developed, but is not to be implemented just yet. Contrast this with the vertical rise demonstrated in Figure 2 which indicates that buffer is being consumed at too fast a rate relative to how the project is progressing. If a data point falls into the red zone, as demonstrated in Figure 3, then the plan we developed should now be executed. In Figure 3 we see that only 35 % of the critical chain has been completed while almost half (49%) of the buffer has been used. But even if the entire amount of project buffer is consumed at the completion of the project, the project is still on time and not late. That is, if 100 % of the project buffer is consumed, as long as 100 % of the critical chain has been completed, the project is exactly on time.
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| Figure 3 |
In addition to using the fever chart, we also recommend calculating a project index by dividing the % of critical chain completed into the % of the project buffer consumed. As long as this ratio is 1.0 or less, then the project will come in on-time or early. This means that the rate the buffer is being consumed is in step with the progress on the critical chain. However, if the project index goes beyond 1.0, the project completion date could be in jeopardy. Figure 3's project index is 1.4 indicating that significant action must be taken on the critical chain to assure an on time completion.
In my next posting I will define how Goldratt’s 5 focusing steps apply to project management and then summarize the key points made in this series of blogs on Critical Chain Project Management.
Bob Sproull
2 comments:
Hi Bob. I just finished Epiphanized about 1.5 weeks ago and chanced across your blog. Was so surprised to realise you are the author of the book. Congratulations to you! It was a good and enjoyable read. The sections at the end of your book were really, really valuable and I was so glad to find them. I really felt they contributed some new knowledge. Even more congratulations! That is a major achievement.
Personally I've read a lot but have had little practical TOC experience unfortunately.
One question I want to ask about the fever chart is what is the rationale between choosing the demarcation between the green, yellow and red zones. Yours shows the green to yellow border at 5-80% and yellow to red border at 10-90%.
I've seen many examples of fever charts and almost as many different versions in terms of the borders between green, yellow and red. So many that I was starting to guess that perhaps it was not so critical anyway.
But when I had to do one myself I wasn't really sure of the logic behind choosing the demarcation which made me very uncomfortable. I would have thought using 100% of the buffer at 100% completion meant you were right on the money and so the border of green and yellow would be at 100%, not 90% as you showed. At the same time I'm sure you did not not arbitrarily choose those figures!
Can you shed some light on the thought process behind it?
Thanks so much,
David.
Hi David. First, thank you so much for your positive comments on Epiphanized. I'll make sure Bruce sees them. The best answer I can give you regarding the location of the green to yellow border and yellow to red border is that it's up to you. By that I mean it's really dependent upon how much risk you're willing to take. I based mine on experiences I've had implementing CCPM. My advice is err on the side of risk in that the sooner your project goes into yellow, the sooner you formulate plans to stop it from moving vertical. The fever chart in the book was meant only to be an example for people who haven't seen one before. I hope this helps.
Bob
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